Education

Roma in Turkmenistan

Roma living in Central Asia mainly live in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, but Roma also live in Turkmenistan. The approximate number of Roma in Turkmenistan is not known. Roma in Central Asia are known as; Luli, Djuchi, Mazang and Agacha. The name changes depending on which country they live in in Central Asia, Luli and Djuchi refer to the same group of people, and Mazang Roma are found throughout Central Asia. Agacha Roma are mainly settled in the Namangan region (Uzbekistan) and in the city of Bazar Kurgan in the Jalal-Abad region of Kyrgyzstan.

Roma were deprived of most of their rights in Central Asia. They were not landowners and therefore had to move. However, the Roma had temporary camps near large cities or rural areas, so they were only partially nomadic. The Roma in Turkmenistan are mostly of the Islamic religion, and they cherish that tradition. They bury their dead, fast, pray and practice circumcision. Unlike the Roma in Europe and Turkey, only a small number of Roma in Turkmenistan are engaged in making handicrafts. Some men make jewelry or work as blacksmiths, and the women make face nets that they sell to Muslim women.

Roma in Turkmenistan and Central Asia live in tents or in their own settlements. These tents have different names depending on the region and season, but the general name is chadir. Chadirs have a simple, uncomplicated design. In summer they use chadir to create shade and sleep. In winter, the chadir is a bit more complex, it has insulation and an opening for fire, pillows and blankets. Those parts are left in the summer when they travel. Some Roma live in farm buildings during the winter, and in return they give the farm owner the fertilizer they have from their cattle. Roma in Central Asia and Turkmenistan live in small groups or families, not in large Roma settlements. Traditional Roma clothing is no different from traditional clothing in Turkmenistan.

The Luli are one of the ethnic branches of the Roma in Turkmenistan. Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and, on rare occasions, Russia and Afghanistan are also home to Lula. The language spoken by Luli is an ethnolect of Tajik. They are Sunni Muslims. They came to Turkmenistan mainly from Tajikistan. Lulis move to Turkmenistan for employment, because the average salary is higher there. Usually, the salary in Turkmenistan is insufficient to cover the cost of food. Despite this, unfortunately, most Lulis enter Turkmenistan illegally. Because of this, the police conduct raids and expel Lula from Turkmenistan. Begging on the streets and fortune-telling are the primary source of income for women and children.

Another branch of Roma who came to Turkmenistan from Tajikistan are the Dzugi. They think they share a lot of similarities with Lulis. Dzhugs make money by begging on the street. Every morning the whole village comes to the central streets of the cities to beg on the streets. They even have a parable about begging: while God distributed things to people, he missed the Dzuga, and gave their goods to other people. They are now begging to get their belongings back. Men often collect and sell scrap metal. Dzugi are more widespread in the territory of Tajikistan.

Roma are not recognized as a separate minority in Turkmenistan, so it is difficult to keep track of how many Roma live there and how many different groups there are. Due to the low level of education and poor economic status in Turkmenistan, the Roma are mostly poor and have almost no access to healthcare. We hope that Roma in Central Asia will be recognized and that we will be able to learn more about Roma history in Turkmenistan.

Link: https://romi.hr/zanimljivosti/hrvatska/romi-u-turkmenistanu

The Roma doctors healing Bulgaria

This article is part of the Breaking out: Stories of Roma empowerment special report, presented by the Roma Foundation for Europe.

On a hot June day, a group of Roma teenagers huddled over chemistry equations prepping for jobs the Bulgarian healthcare system is struggling to fill: doctors, nurses, dentists and pharmacists. The students are attending a course for Bulgaria’s rigorous medical school admissions exams, organized by Trust for Social Achievement, TSA, a Sofia-based nonprofit helping disadvantaged communities.

Long excluded from higher education and professional careers, young Roma — a marginalized ethnic group making up about 10 percent of the Bulgarian population — are increasingly finding opportunities in fields that were once all but off-limits. 

It’s a trend that goes beyond medicine —  but when it comes to healthcare, Roma medical staff aren’t just breaking into a new field, they’re answering a desperate need too.

Bulgaria has a brain drain problem as young professionals are drawn to the benefits of working in richer countries. While the number of physicians is above EU average, they are mostly concentrated in big cities, and there are shortages in key specialties, according to a recent report conducted by the European Commission. Bulgaria is also one of the EU countries with the lowest number of nurses, along with Latvia and Greece.

“[The program] produces doctors, nurses, and midwives who are much needed, especially in small towns,” said Miroslav Angelov, a Sofia-based cardiologist who became a doctor after attending a previous edition of the training program.

“These people are the real changemakers,” Angelov said.

Link: https://www.politico.eu/article/roma-community-doctor-medical-school-bulgaria-healthcare-system-higher-education/?utm_medium=social&utm_source=LinkedIn&fbclid=IwY2xjawG7t_9leHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHab1j10eUlvS3CCgnOxsTR8EOlcHH3sryA7DF8hpc36BOseFRMJBX-w6Fw_aem_safCgAw5GmQqf1VNMT-APA

Minister of Education Vesna Janevska: "The new law on primary education will prohibit the transfer of a student from one school to another, unless the family moves"

The new Law on Primary Education, which should be adopted by the Parliament by the end of the year, will contain a provision prohibiting a student from changing schools, unless the parents change their place of residence, i.e. address. As one of the measures to prevent the segregation of Roma students, this was pointed out by Minister of Education Vesna Janevska, who was in Bitola today.

"The state does not carry out segregation, but the physical separation of separate ethnicities, in the case of the Roma and Macedonians, is a result of traditional living in Macedonia and this should be taken into account. And we are trying to explain this to the court in Strasbourg. But, of course, we will take certain measures, so in the new Law on Primary Education that will enter into force immediately after the New Year, we are demanding that the regionalization be changed in certain cities, not only in Shtip and Bitola, and transferring from one school to another is prohibited unless the family moves to another address. Teachers will receive training and we will implement programs for students, we are slowly solving this problem,” said Janevska.

In December 2022, the European Court of Human Rights ruled against the “Gjorgi Sugarev” Primary School in Bitola and the “Goce Delechev” Primary School in Shtip that they violated the right of children to non-discrimination in relation to their right to education, and due to such segregation, it awarded 38 affected families damages in the amount of 1,200 euros, or a total of 45,600 euros for both schools.

In August this year, the Basic Civil Court in Skopje also ruled that the Government, the Ministry of Education and Science, the Ministry of Labor and Social Policy, the Ministry of Health, the State Education Inspectorate (SEI), the Municipality of Bitola and the Municipality of Shtip, discriminated against Roma children in the educational process. Both schools are attended by predominantly Roma children and have entirely Roma classrooms. The courts ordered the state, municipalities and schools to take measures to stop the discrimination.

What did November 29th mean in the former Yugoslavia?

Republic Day was celebrated on November 29th and was one of the five national holidays in the former Yugoslavia.

This date actually marked the Second Session of AVNOJ in Jajce, Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1943, when, under the leadership of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, a decision was made to form a federal state of Yugoslavia, as well as a constituent Assembly two years later, when it was named the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (FNRJ).

The famous Second Session of AVNOJ was attended by 142 delegates, and was chaired by the pre-war President of the Assembly of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, Dr. Ivan Ribar.

AVNOJ was then constituted as the legislative and executive representative body of Yugoslavia, while the National Committee for the Liberation of Yugoslavia (NKOJ) was constituted as the highest executive and organ of the people's government, which had all the characteristics of a people's revolutionary government.

All decisions and obligations of the previous government were annulled and she, along with Peter II Karađorđević, was expelled from the country.

At that time, the Slovenian and Croatian delegates in Jajce acted as representatives of separate states, and Slovenia had special demands regarding borders and language.

As a special decision of AVNOJ, Josip Broz Tito was awarded the title "Marshal of Yugoslavia", based on the proposal of the Slovenian delegation.

Yugoslavia is a name that designates three different but successive political entities that existed for most of the 20th century on the Balkan Peninsula, and within which the South Slavic countries, including Macedonia, fell.

After the end of the war - since 1945, that date was celebrated as the Day of the Republic and was one of the largest state holidays in the former SFRY, which was solemnly celebrated throughout the country. On this day, songs of praise for Tito were sung, performances were held in cultural centers, and first-grade students became pioneers. The last generation of pioneers was born in 1982. For many, however, the first association with this holiday is getting up early and going to a pig slaughterhouse. Due to the general euphoria that accompanied this day, even those who were not big fans of Tito and socialism celebrated it. The interesting thing about this holiday is that it continued to be celebrated after the collapse of the SFRY.

After the collapse of the SFRY, Republic Day ceased to be celebrated in almost all former republics, and from the late nineties it was celebrated only in Serbia, until its official abolition, on November 14, 2002, by a decision of the Federal Assembly of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

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